Whether Beowulf was composed in the 8th or the 11th century, it is interesting to compare its themes, language, and style to other epics from pre-Christian Northern Europe. If Kiernan’s research is correct in dating Beowulf as an 11th century composition, it is even more important to be aware of its antecedents in Ireland and Scandinavia.
Ireland
Irish Mythology – Dara Tierney. Start with this concise overview for background information.
Irish Literature, Mythology, Folklore, and Drama – A long, organized collection of links from the Luminarium.org website. While not currently maintained, it may still provide some general direction for student research.
Táin Bó Cúalnge (The Cattle Raid of Cooley) is the longest tale in The Ulster Cycle, and the most comparable to Beowulf. When searching for materials on this work, be sure to use variant spellings, such as: Tain Bo Culainge, Táin Bó Cúailnge, and Táin Bó Cúalnge, as well as the English translation of the title.
The Cattle Raid of Cooley – Patrick Brown.
Táin Bó Cuailnge, The Cattle Raid of Cooley – Legendary Tours.
Táin Bó Cúalnge: Recension I – Electronic Text from CELT (Corpus of Electronic Texts), University College Cork
Fiannaidheacht: The Fenian Cycle
The Fenian Cycle is chronologically between the Ulster Cycle and the Historical Cycle of Irish Literature. The exploits of Fionn mac CumHaill, sometimes called Finn MacCool, and the Fianna also contain battles, but incorporate a lot more romance, tales of reincarnation and the origin of knowledge, along with ventures into the realm of Faery. We’re not talking Tinkerbell here, but a supernatural space with some fearsome beings who make life interesting and dangerous for mortals.
Fiannaidheacht: The Fenian Cycle – English, Old Irish, and Middle Irish versions of stories in the Cycle. This site is a treasure chest of early and Medieval Irish texts. If you have difficulty viewing manuscript files, download the Unicode fonts from the site’s home page.
Fenian Cycle – Part of the Timeless Myths, Celtic Mythology site, which provides excellent, accessible background information about the Celtic Cycles. The Fenian Cycle is sometimes called the Ossian Cycle, after the warrior-bard Oisín, the son of Fionn mac CumHaill. Oisín traveled to the Otherworld and eventually returned to recount his fantastic tales to Saint Patrick. He is a major figure in The Battle of Gabhra
Irish Fairy Tales – James Stephens’ famous retelling of Fenian and Mongan stories, with Arthur Rackham’s magical illustrations. There are many editions of this book, but this one is a Kindle version with color illustrations from my own copy of the first edition (London, 1920). I scanned and optimized each image for Kindle viewing and they will display in color on Kindle for PC or on Kindle reader apps that display color.
Scandinavia
The Eddas
Norse Mythology – Includes a section on Norse Sagas.
Edda – Encyclopedia article from TheFreeDictionary.com
The Poetic Edda – Translated by Henry Adams Bellows, 1936.
The Prose Edda of Snorri Sturlson – Translated by Arthur Gilchrist Brodeur, 1916.
The Poetic Edda and The Prose Edda – Old Norse. Provided by Northvegr.
The Elder Edda and Ancient Scandinavian Drama – Bertha S. Phillpotts, Transcribed by Ari Óðinssen. Provided by Northvegr.
Neil Gaiman, well-known for American Gods and other mythology-inspired fiction, published this new story of Norse Mythology in February, 2017. That Gaiman is a master storyteller is reflected in many reviews by delighted readers. Informed, witty as always, and entertaining. New!
In The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrun, J.R.R. Tolkien retells the epic stories of Sigurd the Völsung and The Fall of the Niflungs in English narrative verse. The introduction is drawn from one of J.R.R. Tolkien’s own lectures on Norse literature. Christopher Tolkien provides commentary and notes. This book will appeal to readers familiar with Old English style and hardcore Tolkien fans.
